Neuro Surgery

Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are minimally invasive procedures recommended if one or more vertebral bones are fractured due to compression fracture (break in the thick mass of the bone). Vertebral compression fractures lead to the collapse of the vertebra which shortens the spine and curves of the spine forward from its usual position which can give rise to pain and kyphotic deformity (Hunchback-an abnormally curved spine) The spine is divided into five parts three parts in the neck called the cervical spine, the thoracic spine in the chest and the lumbar spine in the back, each of these parts is made up of separate bones called the vertebrae. The weight-bearing part of the vertebra is called the vertebral body which is made up of solid bone on the outside and made of spongy bone on the inside which is porous. If one is suffering from osteoporosis the bone in the vertebral body can become thinner and more porous making the bone weak. Bending, sn...

  Tuberculosis is a highly communicable disease caused by the bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is most common in developing countries and death because of TB is one among the top-10 causes of death worldwide. The prevalence of this disease has increased in developing nations partially as a result of the spread of AIDS in the last few decades.   The lungs are the primarily affected organs by TB but can spread to other parts of the body. When TB spreads, it’s referred to as (EPTB) extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Around 15% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis will have extrapulmonary involvement. The spine- the thoracic spine, in particular, is the most common extrapulmonary site to be infected by TB. Spinal TB is a dangerous form of skeletal TB because it is associated with a neurologic deficit due to compression of the adjacent neural structures and cause significant spinal deformity. Pott’s disease is the slow hematogenous spread (spread through th...

Atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) The loss of normal alignment and stability of the first cervical (atlas) and second cervical (axis) vertebrae with respect to each other is called Atlantoaxial dislocation. Atlas is the first cervical vertebra in the neck and this is the bone right below the head which supports the head, the next bone is the axis the second cervical vertebra these vertibrae help balance the whole body. This is a very crucial region because this is the place where the spine starts. The occiput (the bone on the back of the skull), the atlas (C1), and the axis (C2) form one functional unit (the occipitocervical articulation) which gives a high degree of mobility and little bony stability to the neck. The strong ligaments facilitate movement and keep these structures in place. The head rotation occurs mainly at this junction, and the odontoid bone is the axis that allows this rotation. The extension and flexion movement of the head is allowed because of the atlantooccipital j...

Endoscopic skull base surgery is a minimally invasive technique of brain surgery, that enables surgeon access to inaccessible areas of the brain where certain types of tumors and abnormalities may develop. The skull is made of many bones and cartilages, the base of the skull is formed by bones of the eye socket, the roof of the nasal cavity, some sinuses, and the bones that surround the inner ear. The skull base is a complicated area with different blood vessels, openings of the spinal cord, and nerves. It allows for the removal of cancerous and non-cancerous tumors and abnormalities underside the brain, and the top of the spinal column as these areas are difficult to see and reach, without the need for a large incision in the skull; instead, tumors are removed through the mouth, nose, or a small opening above the eyebrow. Traditionally the tumors in the base of the skull were removed through the bony skull, which required large skull and facial incisions, bone flaps, and brain retract...

  Brain Tumor is one of the most serious forms of a tumor, it is a condition where the brain cells multiply abnormally . The brain is enclosed by the skull which is very rigid. The brain fits exactly into the skull, any growth in the brain can cause increased pressure inside the skull and the surrounding tissues. This can damage the surrounding brain tissue which can be life-threatening. Causes for Brain tumors There is no specific cause for brain tumors, a brain tumor is so variant that we cannot pinpoint one cause - It can run in families or it can occur spontaneously where no one in the family had, there are varieties of brain tumors. -It can start in any part of the brain or start somewhere else in the body and reach the brain through the blood. -There may be a genetic predisposition for certain tumors depending on how the gene is made up. -There are many syndromes (that is a group of diseases ) which manifest as tumors in the brain and nerves. -Tumors show up in diffe...

                                                  Lumbar surgery refers to any type of surgery in the lumbar spine, or lower back, between one and more of the L1-S1 levels. There are two general types of lumbar spine surgery that comprise the most common surgical procedures for the lower back: Lumbar Decompression The goal of decompression surgery is usually to relieve pain caused by nerve root pinching. There are two common causes of lumbar nerve root pressure: from a lumbar disc which is herniated or stenosis of the lumbar spine. This type of pain is usually referred to as a radiculopathy, or sciatica. Decompression surgery involves removing a small a portion of the bone over the nerve root and/or disc material from under the nerve root to relieve pinching of the nerve and provide more room for the nerve to heal. The most common types of decompression...

With degenerative changes associated with the aging process, the shape of the spine changes, and the width of the spinal canal can get narrowed and create pressure on the spinal nerves. This process is known as  spinal stenosis  and when it occurs in the lower lumbar region of the spine, it’s known as lumbar spinal stenosis. Of all the degenerative changes seen in spinal stenosis, the most common is in the lumbar region.  While degenerative changes in the spine can be seen in around 95% of people by the age of 50, lumbar spinal stenosis is more commonly seen in those above 60 years of age. With increasing age, the inter-vertebral spongy discs tend to get hardened, resulting in loss of disc height and its bulging out into the spinal canal. This narrowing of the canal results in compression of nerves radiating out towards the legs and urinary bladder.  Symptoms The patient may feel pain, cramping, or numbness in the legs, buttocks, or calves which could get further agg...